Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster
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August 09, 25
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COSCUP 2025で発表sた内容です。
Ubuntu Japanese LoCo Team member
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Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster Mitsuya Shibata Ubuntu Japanese Team SOUM Corporation 2025-08-09 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 1 / 59
Introduction • This session will be explained in Japanese. • Therefore, the slides contain a lot of English text. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 2 / 59
About me • I’m a member of the Ubuntu Japanese LoCo team. • I’m an embedded engineer at SOUM Corporation in Japan1 . • I write various Ubuntu related Japanese articles. • Ubuntu Weekly Recipe: https://gihyo.jp/list/group/Ubuntu-Weekly-Recipe • Ubuntu 日和: https://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/column/ubuntu/ • Software Design: https://gihyo.jp/magazine/SD • 日経 Linux: https://info.nikkeibp.co.jp/media/LIN/ 1 https://www.soum.co.jp/ Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 3 / 59
Today’s topics: Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster • First, we will explain the characteristics of Mini PCs. • Next, we will set up Ceph, a distributed storage system. • Finally, we will build an Incus Cluster on Mini PCs. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 4 / 59
Today’s topics: Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster • First, we will explain the characteristics of Mini PCs. • Next, we will set up Ceph, a distributed storage system. • Finally, we will build an Incus Cluster on Mini PCs. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 4 / 59
Today’s topics: Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster • First, we will explain the characteristics of Mini PCs. • Next, we will set up Ceph, a distributed storage system. • Finally, we will build an Incus Cluster on Mini PCs. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 4 / 59
Do You Use Mini PCs? Raise your hand if you own a mini PC! Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 6 / 59
Do You Use Mini PCs? Raise your hand if you own mini PC! Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 7 / 59
Do You Use Mini PCs? Raise your hand if you own more than four mini PC! but, I left them turned off... Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 7 / 59
Do You Use Mini PCs? Raise your hand if you own more than four mini PC! but, I left them turned off... Congratulations! This session is only for you! Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 7 / 59
What Is a Mini PC? • Small Form Factor (10 - 20 cm squre) Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 8 / 59
What Is a Mini PC? • Small Form Factor (10 - 20 cm squre) • Affordable ($100s - $1000s) Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 8 / 59
What Is a Mini PC? • Small Form Factor (10 - 20 cm squre) • Affordable ($100s - $1000s) • Surprisingly powerful (Even good enough for gaming!) Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 8 / 59
What Is a Mini PC? • Small Form Factor (10 - 20 cm squre) • Affordable ($100s - $1000s) • Surprisingly powerful (Even good enough for gaming!) • Comes with a huge AC adapter (some models) Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 8 / 59
What Is a Mini PC? • Small Form Factor (10 - 20 cm squre) • Affordable ($100s - $1000s) • Surprisingly powerful (Even good enough for gaming!) • Comes with a huge AC adapter (some models) • Tends to multiply on its own! Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 8 / 59
“Multiply on its own”? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 9 / 59
“Multiply on its own”? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 9 / 59
“Multiply on its own”? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 9 / 59
“Multiply on its own”? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 9 / 59
“Multiply on its own”? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 9 / 59
Why Do They Multiply? • Did you shine light on them? • Did you water them? • Did you feed them after midnight? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 10 / 59
Why Do They Multiply? • Did you shine light on them? ⇒ No • Did you water them? • Did you feed them after midnight? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 10 / 59
Why Do They Multiply? • Did you shine light on them? ⇒ No • Did you water them? ⇒ No • Did you feed them after midnight? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 10 / 59
Why Do They Multiply? • Did you shine light on them? ⇒ No • Did you water them? ⇒ No • Did you feed them after midnight? ⇒ No Even so, your mini PCs kept multiplying. Why? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 10 / 59
What’s the Problem With Having Too Many? Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 11 / 59
What’s the Problem With Having Too Many? Your family starts giving you the look. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 11 / 59
How to avoid ‘the Look’ Explain to my family: • Cluster multi-node mini PCs for scalable home compute • Synergize distributed resources for household enablement • Align UX delivery with family-centric KPIs • Validate tech ROI via value-driven services • Enhance internal stakeholder buy-in through asset visibility Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 12 / 59
How to avoid ‘the Look’ ” e? g a gu Explain to my family: n lahome • Cluster multi-node mini PCs for scalable compute n a m u household enablement • Synergize distributed resourceshfor n i t • Align UX delivery with family-centric KPIs ha t y a • Validate tech ROI viasvalue-driven services ou y • Enhance internal an stakeholder buy-in through asset visibility “C Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 12 / 59
In Short Let’s turn those idle Mini PCs into an Incus cluster that powers useful services for your household! Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 13 / 59
Incus Cluster node01 node02 node03 node04 NVMe SSD NVMe SSD NVMe SSD NVMe SSD ESP /boot ESP /boot ESP /boot ESP /boot Ceph LVM LVM LVM LVM Incus Cluster Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 14 / 59
What is Incus? • Modern system container and virtual machine management system • Part of Linux Containers project1 and fork of LXD • REST API for remote management • Command-line interface • Fully open source under Apache 2.0 license 1 https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/ Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 15 / 59
What is Incus Cluster? • Multiple Incus servers working together as single system • Unified management interface across all nodes • Shared configuration and state • Automatic workload distribution Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 16 / 59
Why use Incus instead of ESXi and/or Proxmox VE? Pros: • Built entirely with pure FLOSS components • Run any OS or Linux kernel you like • 5-year LTS (Long-Term Support) available Cons: • No commercial support available • Web UI is limted Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 17 / 59
Setup the Base System of Ubuntu Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 18 / 59
Setup the base system of Ubuntu • At least 3 nodes are required, I prepared 4 nodes in this slides. • All nodes will have Ubuntu 24.04 LTS installed. • Only one network port will be used. • Ideally, it’s better to separate control and instance traffic. • A mini PC with 2 or more network ports is preferred. • Only one storage device will be used. • Ideally, storage should be separated for Ubuntu and Incus. This network and storage setup is kept minimal for simplicity, is not recommended setup for production. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 19 / 59
Hostnames and IP Addresses • node01: 192.168.0.131 • node02: 192.168.0.132 • node03: 192.168.0.133 • node04: 192.168.0.134 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 20 / 59
Storage Layout Follow the standard Ubuntu server setup using LVM. Each root filesystem (rootfs) will be 100 GiB. • Partition 1: ESP 1GiB • Partition 2: /boot 2GiB • Partition 3: LVM • /dev/ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv: rootfs (100 GiB) • Remaining space: reserved for Incus, doesn’t touch by installer. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 21 / 59
node01 node02 node03 node04 NVMe SSD NVMe SSD NVMe SSD NVMe SSD ESP /boot ESP /boot ESP /boot ESP /boot Storage Layout LVM LVM LVM LVM Incus Cluster Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 22 / 59
Post-installation: Hostname Configuration $ sudo tee -a /etc/hosts << EOF 192.168.0.131 node01 192.168.0.132 node02 192.168.0.133 node03 192.168.0.134 node04 EOF Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 23 / 59
Post-installation: IPv4 Forwarding • Our setup will use Ceph. • During the Ceph setup, Docker or Podman will be installed1 . • Running Incus and Docker on the same host can cause netfilter conflicts. • If using Incus’s bridge network, Docker may try to drop all packets. • As a result, Incus instances can’t access the internet. $ sudo iptables -L FORWARD -v Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) 1 Ceph can be set up without them, but it’s more difficult. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 24 / 59
Post-installation: IPv4 Forwarding There are a few workarounds1 : • Avoid using bridge networking (Recommended) • Enable IPv4 forwarding before starting Docker (Easy workaround) $ echo 'net.ipv4.ip_forward=1' | \ sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/99-incus.conf net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 $ echo 'net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1' | \ sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.d/99-incus.conf net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1 1 https://linuxcontainers.org/incus/docs/main/howto/network_bridge_firewalld/ Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 25 / 59
Post-installation: IPv4 Forwarding • The workaround for IPv6, Docker 28.0.0 or newer is required1 . • As of 2025-08-07, Ubuntu 24.04 LTS includes Docker 27.5.1, so the workaround for IPv6 is not yet supported. • Ubuntu 25.10 includes Docker 28.2, so IPv6 support will likely be available in 24.04 eventually by SRU. 1 https://docs.docker.com/engine/network/packet-filtering-firewalls/ Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 26 / 59
About Ceph • Ceph is a distributed storage system. • Can use storages across multiple machines as a single storage. • Incus supports Ceph natively. • Without Ceph, Incus images are stored only on the local node. • With Ceph, instance migration between nodes becomes much easier. • Ceph also supports replication, which improves fault tolerance. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 28 / 59
Create Logical Volumes (LVs) for Ceph node01 node02 node03 node04 NVMe SSD NVMe SSD osd1 LVM osd2 LVM osd3 LVM ESP /boot NVMe SSD ESP /boot ESP /boot NVMe SSD ESP /boot Ceph osd4 LVM Incus Cluster Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 29 / 59
Create Logical Volumes (LVs) for Ceph On each node, create a dedicated logical volume for use with Ceph. node01$ sudo lvcreate -L 700G -n ceph-osd1 ubuntu-vg node01$ sudo lvchange --yes --setactivationskip n ubuntu-vg/ceph-osd1 node02$ sudo lvcreate -L 700G -n ceph-osd2 ubuntu-vg node02$ sudo lvchange --yes --setactivationskip n ubuntu-vg/ceph-osd2 node03$ sudo lvcreate -L 300G -n ceph-osd3 ubuntu-vg node03$ sudo lvchange --yes --setactivationskip n ubuntu-vg/ceph-osd3 node04$ sudo lvcreate -L 700G -n ceph-osd4 ubuntu-vg node04$ sudo lvchange --yes --setactivationskip n ubuntu-vg/ceph-osd4 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 30 / 59
Install Ceph on All Nodes On node01, install cephadm for bootstrapping the cluster. node01$ sudo apt install cephadm ceph-common On all ather nodes, install Docker (used for joining the cluster). node02$ sudo apt install ceph-common docker.io node03$ sudo apt install ceph-common docker.io node04$ sudo apt install ceph-common docker.io Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 31 / 59
Bootstrap Node Configuration node01$ sudo cephadm bootstrap --mon-ip 192.168.0.131 Verifying podman|docker is present... (snip) Ceph Dashboard is now available at: URL: https://node01:8443/ User: admin Password: bub066ubvw (snip) Bootstrap complete. • cephadm will also set up the Ceph Web UI. • However, the Web UI will not be used in this setup. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 32 / 59
Add Nodes to the Cluster • To add nodes, allow root login over SSH from node01 to other nodes. • Copy and paste the public key to the target nodes. node01$ cat /etc/ceph/ceph.pub (the public key of admin node) node02$ sudo vi /root/.ssh/authorized_keys (paste the public key) Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 33 / 59
Add Nodes to the Cluster Execute from node01: node01$ sudo ceph orch host add node01 192.168.0.131 Added host 'node01' with addr '192.168.0.131' node01$ sudo ceph orch host add node02 192.168.0.132 node01$ sudo ceph orch host add node03 192.168.0.133 node01$ sudo ceph orch host add node04 192.168.0.134 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 34 / 59
Add Each Storages on Each Nodes Execute from node01: node01$ sudo ceph orch daemon add osd node01:/dev/ubuntu-vg/ceph-osd1 Created osd(s) 0 on host 'node01' node01$ sudo ceph orch daemon add osd node02:/dev/ubuntu-vg/ceph-osd2 node01$ sudo ceph orch daemon add osd node03:/dev/ubuntu-vg/ceph-osd3 node01$ sudo ceph orch daemon add osd node04:/dev/ubuntu-vg/ceph-osd4 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 35 / 59
Check Status on Each Nodes node01$ sudo ceph osd status ID HOST USED AVAIL WR OPS WR DATA 0 node01 26.5M 699G 0 0 1 node04 27.1M 699G 0 0 2 node03 27.1M 299G 0 0 3 node02 27.1M 699G 0 0 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster RD OPS 0 0 0 0 RD DATA 0 0 0 0 STATE exists,up exists,up exists,up exists,up 2025-08-09 36 / 59
View Storage on Each Nodes node01$ sudo ceph osd df ID CLASS WEIGHT REWEIGHT SIZE 0 ssd 0.68359 1.00000 700 GiB 3 ssd 0.68359 1.00000 700 GiB 2 ssd 0.29300 1.00000 300 GiB 1 ssd 0.68359 1.00000 700 GiB TOTAL 2.3 TiB MIN/MAX VAR: 0.84/2.00 STDDEV: 0.00 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster RAW USE 27 MiB 28 MiB 28 MiB 28 MiB 110 MiB DATA ... 652 KiB ... 1.2 MiB ... 1.2 MiB ... 1.2 MiB ... 4.2 MiB ... 2025-08-09 37 / 59
Chage Web UI Port • The Ceph Web UI uses port 8443 by default. • This conflicts with the Incus cluster management port. • Change the Ceph Web UI port to avoid conflicts. $ sudo ceph config set mgr mgr/dashboard/ssl_server_port 8444 $ sudo ceph orch restart mgr Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 38 / 59
Installing Incus • from Zabbly: Allows using the latest version • from the Debian repo: Only Incus 6.0 LTS is available On all nodes: $ sudo apt install incus $ sudo apt install --no-install-recommends qemu-system-x86 \ ovmf qemu-system-modules-spice qemu-utils Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 40 / 59
Joining the incus-admin Group On all nodes: $ sudo usermod -aG incus-admin $USER Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 41 / 59
Initializing the Bootstrap Server Only on node01: node01:~$ incus admin init Would you like to use clustering? (yes/no) [default=no]: yes What IP address or DNS name should be used to reach this server? [default=192.168.0.131]: Are you joining an existing cluster? (yes/no) [default=no]: What member name should be used to identify this server in the cluster? [default=node01]: Do you want to configure a new local storage pool? (yes/no) [default=yes]: no Do you want to configure a new remote storage pool? (yes/no) [default=no]: no Would you like to use an existing bridge or host interface? (yes/no) [default=no]: Would you like stale cached images to be updated automatically? (yes/no) [default=yes]: Would you like a YAML "init" preseed to be printed? (yes/no) [default=no]: Network and storage will be configured later. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 42 / 59
Configuring Storage node01$ incus storage create ceph-pool ceph node01$ incus profile device add default root disk \ path=/ pool=ceph-pool node01$ incus storage info ceph-pool info: (snip) total space: 759.86GiB shibata@node01:~$ sudo ceph osd pool get ceph-pool size size: 3 With 2.3 TiB and 3x replication, the usable space is about 760 GiB. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 43 / 59
Setting Up Ceph Node Access
To allow each node to access Ceph, copy the Ceph access key to all nodes.
node01$ sudo cat /etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring
[client.admin]
key = <secrete key>
caps mds = "allow *"
caps mgr = "allow *"
caps mon = "allow *"
caps osd = "allow *"
node01$ cat /etc/ceph/ceph.conf
# minimal ceph.conf for ef06bdb6-7130-11f0-917a-5847ca74fdbb
[global]
fsid = ef06bdb6-7130-11f0-917a-5847ca74fdbb
mon_host = [v2:192.168.0.131:3300/0,v1:192.168.0.131:6789/0] ...
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Setting Up Ceph Node Access On node02, node03, ...: $ sudo vi /etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring (write node01's value) $ sudo vi /etc/ceph/ceph.conf (write node01's value) $ sudo chmod 600 /etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 45 / 59
Generating Access Keys for Each Node On the admin node (node01), generate a key for each node so they can join the cluster. node01$ incus cluster add node02 Member node02 join token: (dump long token string) node01$ incus cluster add node03 node01$ incus cluster add node04 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 46 / 59
Initializing and Registering Nodes Admin privileges are required when initializing a node to join the cluster. node02$ sudo incus admin init Would you like to use clustering? (yes/no) [default=no]: yes What IP address or DNS name should be used to reach this server? [default=192.168.0.132]: Are you joining an existing cluster? (yes/no) [default=no]: yes Please provide join token: (paste long token string) All existing data is lost when joining a cluster, continue? (yes/no) [default=no] yes Choose "source" property for storage pool "ceph-pool": Would you like a YAML "init" preseed to be printed? (yes/no) [default=no]: Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 47 / 59
Adding Network Devices • Network devices are not added during initial cluster setup • This is because available NICs differ across nodes • A network with the same name must be created on all nodes • Finally, the network must be activated • We’ ll use a bridge network for simplicity. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 48 / 59
Adding Network Devices node01:~$ incus network create --target node01 incusbr0 Network incusbr0 pending on member node01 node01:~$ incus network create --target node02 incusbr0 node01:~$ incus network create --target node03 incusbr0 node01:~$ incus network create --target node04 incusbr0 Once created, the network will show as pending on each node, so we need to activate it. $ incus network create incusbr0 Network incusbr0 created Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 49 / 59
Adding Network Devices Then, add the activated network to the default profile. node01:~$ incus profile device add default eth0 nic \ nictype=bridged parent=incusbr0 name=eth0 Device eth0 added to default Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 50 / 59
Starting Instances When you start an instance, it runs automatically on any available node. $ incus launch images:ubuntu/24.04 noble $ incus list +-------+---------+ +----------+ | NAME | STATE | | LOCATION | +-------+---------+ ... +----------+ | noble | RUNNING | | node01 | +-------+---------+ +----------+ Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 51 / 59
Starting Instances You can see that each node consumes Ceph storage. $ sudo ceph osd df ID CLASS WEIGHT 0 ssd 0.68359 3 ssd 0.68359 2 ssd 0.29300 1 ssd 0.68359 REWEIGHT SIZE 1.00000 700 GiB 1.00000 700 GiB 1.00000 300 GiB 1.00000 700 GiB TOTAL 2.3 TiB MIN/MAX VAR: 0.82/1.75 STDDEV: 0.03 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster RAW USE 562 MiB 609 MiB 472 MiB 520 MiB 2.1 GiB 2025-08-09 52 / 59
Starting Instances You can also specify the target node with --target. $ incus launch images:ubuntu/24.04 noble2 --target node02 Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 53 / 59
VM instance does not work Ceph • Incus 6.0 does not support launching VM instances • This appears to be fixed in Incus 6.4, but unconfirmed • Also, using Ceph with VMs may require kernel support on the VM side Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 54 / 59
Node Maintenance Sometimes a specific node needs to be rebooted for maintenance • Temporarily remove it from the Incus cluster • Temporarily disable the rebalancing of Ceph • Perform the maintenance • Then rejoin the node to both Ceph and Incus clusters If we use Ceph storage, then instances on maintenance node will be moed to operational node automatically. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 55 / 59
Restore Node $ incus cluster evacuate node04 instances on node04 will be mode to other nodes. $ incus cluster list +--------+ +-----------+--------------------------------+ | NAME | | STATE | MESSAGE | +--------+ ... +-----------+--------------------------------+ | node04 | | EVACUATED | Unavailable due to maintenance | +--------+ +-----------+--------------------------------+ $ sudo ceph osd set noout $ sudo ceph osd set norebalance The node04 now maintenance mode. You can reboot the node04. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 56 / 59
Node Maintenance Wait Ceph cluster become “HEALTH_OK”, and then restore to incus cluster. $ sudo ceph osd unset noout $ sudo ceph osd unset norebalance $ sudo ceph status cluster: id: ef06bdb6-7130-11f0-917a-5847ca74fdbb health: HEALTH_OK $ incus cluster restore node04 The instance that previously ran on node04 will be moved back to node04. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 57 / 59
Conclusion • Mini PCs are affordable PC servers. • Even with multiple units, they take up less space than a tower PC. • They are also energy-efficient. • M.2 NVMe SSDs tend to have limited capacity. • It’s also hard to configure a proper RAID with the number of drives available. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 59 / 59
Conclusion • Mini PCs are affordable PC servers. • Even with multiple units, they take up less space than a tower PC. • They are also energy-efficient. ⇒This makes them suitable for building an Incus cluster. • M.2 NVMe SSDs tend to have limited capacity. • It’s also hard to configure a proper RAID with the number of drives available. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 59 / 59
Conclusion • Mini PCs are affordable PC servers. • Even with multiple units, they take up less space than a tower PC. • They are also energy-efficient. ⇒This makes them suitable for building an Incus cluster. • M.2 NVMe SSDs tend to have limited capacity. • It’s also hard to configure a proper RAID with the number of drives available. ⇒By combining multiple Mini PCs with Ceph, these limitations can be overcome. Turning Spare Mini PCs into an Incus Cluster 2025-08-09 59 / 59