Development of Pedestrian Behavior Model Taking Account of Intention (IROS2012)

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July 03, 23

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Yusuke Tamura, Phuoc Dai Le, Kentarou Hitomi, Naiwala P. Chandrasiri, Takashi Bando, Atsushi Yamashita, Hajime Asama, "Development of Pedestrian Behavior Model Taking Account of Intention," Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp.382-387, 2012.

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東北大学大学院工学研究科ロボティクス専攻 田村研究室

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Development  of  Pedestrian  Behavior  Model   Taking  Account  of  Intention Yusuke  Tamura1,  Phuoc  Dai  Le2,  Kentarou  Hitomi3,  Naiwala  P.  Chandrasiri3,   Takashi  Bando4,  Atsushi  Yamashita2,  Hajime  Asama2 1  Chuo  University 2  The  University  of  Tokyo 3  Toyota  InfoTechnology  Center,  Co.,  Ltd. 4  DENSO  Corp. 2012  IEEE/RSJ  International  Conference  on  Intelligent  Robots  and  Systems,  Vilamoura,  Portugal,  Oct.  8,  2012.

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Motivation In  human-­‐robot  coexisting  environment... SAFETY  is  important. 2

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Motivation In  human-­‐robot  coexisting  environment... SAFETY  is  important. Human  is  NOT  a  “moving  obstacle.” 2

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Motivation In  human-­‐robot  coexisting  environment... SAFETY  is  important. Human  is  NOT  a  “moving  obstacle.” PREDICTION  of  human  behaviors  is  necessary. 2

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Related  works  and  objective Pedestrian  model... -­‐  Social  force  model  [Helbing  1995][Helbing  2000] 3

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Related  works  and  objective Pedestrian  model... -­‐  Social  force  model  [Helbing  1995][Helbing  2000] Unnatural  behavior 3

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Related  works  and  objective Pedestrian  model... -­‐  Social  force  model  [Helbing  1995][Helbing  2000] Unnatural  behavior Objective Pedestrian  model:  producing  humanlike  behaviors   by  considering  pedestrian’s  intention 3

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Basic  concept Create  an  appropriate  subgoal  according  to  the  pedestrian’s   attempted  behavior. Behavior 4

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Basic  concept Create  an  appropriate  subgoal  according  to  the  pedestrian’s   attempted  behavior. Behavior Subgoal    creation 4

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Basic  concept Create  an  appropriate  subgoal  according  to  the  pedestrian’s   attempted  behavior. Behavior Subgoal    creation 4

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Basic  concept Create  an  appropriate  subgoal  according  to  the  pedestrian’s   attempted  behavior. Behavior Subgoal    creation 4

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Basic  concept Create  an  appropriate  subgoal  according  to  the  pedestrian’s   attempted  behavior. Behavior Subgoal    creation 4

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Proposed  pedestrian  model 5

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Proposed  pedestrian  model 5

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Proposed  pedestrian  model 5

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Proposed  pedestrian  model 5

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Proposed  pedestrian  model 5

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Intention  transition  &  Behavior  selection Intention Behavior Free  Walk Avoid Follow 6

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Intention  transition  &  Behavior  selection Intention Behavior Free  Walk Avoid Follow 6

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Intention  transition  &  Behavior  selection Intention Behavior Free  Walk Avoid Follow 6

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Intention  transition  &  Behavior  selection Intention Behavior Free  Walk Avoid Follow 6

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Intention:  Free  walk  |  Behavior:  Free  walk Behavior  is  based  on  the  social  force  model  [Helbing  1995]. Repulsive  force  from  obstacles Repulsive  force  from   Acceleration  force  towards  Goal 7

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Warning  area Pedestrian 8

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Warning  area Pedestrian field  of  view 8

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Warning  area Pedestrian desired  direction with  ranges field  of  view 8

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Warning  area warning  area Pedestrian desired  direction with  ranges field  of  view 8

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Intention  transition:  Free  walk  }}} warning  area Free  walk 9

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Intention  transition:  Free  walk  }}} Free  walk 9

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Intention  transition:  Free  walk  }}} Free  walk Avoid  or  Follow 9

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Intention  transition:  Free  walk  }}} Free  walk Avoid Avoid  or  Follow Follow 9

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Intention  transition:  Free  walk  }}} Free  walk Avoid Avoid  or  Follow Follow 9

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Intention  transition:  Free  walk  }}} Free  walk Avoid Avoid  or  Follow Follow 9

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Intention  transition:  Free  walk  }}} Free  walk Avoid Avoid  or  Follow Follow 9

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Intention:  Follow  |  Behavior:  Follow Repulsive  force  from  obstacles Repulsive  force  from              (                                                    ) Acceleration  force  towards  Subgoal 10

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Frustration Frustration Following  somebody  intensifies  the  pedestrian’s  frustration. Intention:  Follow   11

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Frustration Frustration Following  somebody  intensifies  the  pedestrian’s  frustration. Intention:  Follow   11

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Frustration Frustration Following  somebody  intensifies  the  pedestrian’s  frustration. Intention:  Follow   }}}  Avoid 11

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Frustration Frustration Following  somebody  intensifies  the  pedestrian’s  frustration. Intention:  Follow   }}}  Avoid 11

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Intention:  Avoid  |  Behavior:  Avoid   Repulsive  force  from  obstacles Repulsive  force  from             Acceleration  force  towards  Subgoal                    or   12

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Prediction  for  avoidance 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance BAD  subgoal 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance BAD  subgoal 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance BAD  subgoal 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance BAD  subgoal GOOD  subgoal SELECTED 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance BAD  subgoal GOOD  subgoal SELECTED If  both  candidates  are  good,            will  select  the  nearer  subgoal. 13

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Prediction  for  avoidance BAD  subgoal GOOD  subgoal SELECTED If  both  candidates  are  good,            will  select  the  nearer  subgoal. If  both  candidates  are  bad,            will  be  forced  to  follow. 13

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Experiments Comparison  between  simulated  and  observed  pedestrian  behaviors. Participants:  6  healthy  volunteers (5  men,  1  woman;  23-­‐29yrs.)            :  participant  (walk  to  G)            :  cooperator  (walk  to  R  or  C  or  L) (1) Scenario: (2) 1:          walks  to  G  while  passing            who        walks  straight  in  opposite  direction. 2:          walks  in  a  hurried  pace  to  G,  and                  walks  with  normal  speed  to  R  or   (3)        C  or  L. 3:          walks  in  a  hurried  pace  to  G,  and                walks  with  normal  speed  to  R  or          C  or  L. L R L R 14

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Observation  and  Simulation Observation Measurement:   2  LRFs  (UTM-­‐30LX;  Hokuyo  Automatic,  Co.,  Ltd.) Height:  0.87m Frame  rate:  10fps Num.  of  trials: 6  participant  x  9  trials  (3  times  x  3  goals  of          )  for  each  scenario Simulation Environment: Input: Mac  OSX  10.6.8 C++  /  OpenGL Environmental  information,  observed  cooperator          ’s  trajectory Output: Trajectory  of  the  simulated  agent 15

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Comparison  between  simulation  and  observation (e.g.)  Scenario  3  (        walked  to  C)   16

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Comparison  between  simulation  and  observation (e.g.)  Scenario  3  (        walked  to  C)   16

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Results Comparison  between  the  proposed  model  and  social  force  model Trajectory  Error  (m) 2.0 1.5 ** ** ** 1.0 0.5 ** p<0.01 0 (a) Scenario  1 (b) Scenario  2 (c) Scenario  3 paired  t-­‐test 17

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Conclusion Pedestrian  behavior  model  considering  pedestrian’s  intention. -­‐  Subgoal  creation  based  on  the  intention  transition -­‐  Behavior  selection  based  on  the  prediction Proposed  pedestrian  model  can  produce  more  humanlike   behaviors  than  the  social  force  model. Future  works -­‐  A  Large  number  of  pedestrians -­‐  Online  parameter  estimation 18

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Free  walk  }}} If  no  other  pedestrian  in  the  warning  area                  free  walk If  other  pedestrian  β  penetrates  the  warning  area  ... If  the  traveling  directions  of  α  and  β  are  roughly  opposite  ... avoid If  their  speed  difference  is  low  or  α  moves  slower  than  β  ... follow If  α  moves  much  faster  than  β  ... avoid 21

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Intention:  Avoid  |  Behavior:  Follow Repulsive  force  from  obstacles Repulsive  force  from Acceleration  force  towards  Subgoal 22

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Parameter  identification 8  parameters  were  determined  based  on  observation  experiments. Participants:  6  healthy  volunteers (5  men,  1  woman;  23-­‐29yrs.) Measurement:  2  LRFs UTM-­‐30LX  (Hokuyo  Automatic,  Co.,  Ltd.) Height:  0.87m Frame  rate:  10fps Obstacle  &  Robot:   ZEN  (Ritecs,  Inc.) Size:  0.45  x  0.45  x  0.75  m (a)  Desired  speed 6  times  for  each  condition. (b)  Warning  area  /  Subgoal  for  avoidance 6  times  for  each  obstacle  position v=0.3 or 0.5 or 0.8 m/s (c)  Subgoal  for  follow 3  times  for  each  combination  of  the  robot’s start  position  and  speed 23

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Parameter  identification 8  parameters  were  determined  based  on  observation  experiments. A B C D E F                                    (m/s) 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.2                                    (m/s) 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.7                                        (m) 8.9 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.1                                        (m) 1.04 1.26 0.73 0.86 0.58 0.84                                        (m) 0.26 -­‐0.98 0.37 -­‐0.08 1.60 -­‐0.34                                        (m) 2.1 2.5 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.7                                        (m) 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.4 1.5 2.1                                        (m) 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.76 1.0 24